Evaluation of the potential for transmission of coronavirus disease via saliva: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: One of the main factors that play a pivotal role in the transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is saliva; according to the subject's importance, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of transmission via the saliva of coronavirus disease. Methods: PubMed, ISI, Embase, Scopus, Medicine have been used until September 2020 to search for articles. Therefore, EndNote X9 used to manage electronic resources. A 95% confidence interval (CI) effect size, fixed effect model, Inverse-variance methods have been calculated. The positive rate of SARS-CoV2 assessed with meta analysis. To deal with potential heterogeneity, random effects were used, and I2 showed heterogeneity. I2 values above 50% signified moderate-to-high heterogeneity. The Meta-analysis has been evaluated with Stata/MP v.16 (the fastest version of Stata) statistical software. Results: According to the study's purpose, in the initial search with keywords, 19 articles were found, the full text of 3 studies was reviewed, and finally, three studies were selected. The positive rate of SARS-CoV2 was 86% (86%; 95% CI 67 %-100%). Conclusion: saliva can be a non-invasive specimen type for diagnosis of COVID-19. Dentists should be aware that saliva plays a major role in the transmission of COVID-19 from human to human, and failure to follow prevention protocols can contaminate them

Clinical Dental Care Epidemiology, Prevalence, Symptoms and Routes of Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 19: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological evidence, symptoms, and transmission routes of Coronavirus Disease 19 for clinical dental care. Material and Methods: PubMed, Embase, ISI, Scopus, Medicine have been used to search for articles until October 2020. Therefore, EndNote X9 was used to manage electronic resources. A 95% confidence interval (CI) effect size, random effect model, and the REML method were evaluated. Forty-one articles were found. In the first step of selecting studies, 40 studies were selected to review the abstracts. Finally, six studies were selected. Results: The effect size of symptoms of COVID-19 was fever: 92% (ES = 0.92, 95% CI 0.79-1.06), cough: 73% (ES = 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.88), headache: 8% (ES = 0.8, 95% CI 0.06-0.22), myalgia 13% (ES = 0.13, 95% CI 0.01-0.27) and nasal congestion 22% (ES = 0.22, 95% CI 0.06-0.39). The following recommendations are appropriate during COVID-19 for dental emergency management: personal protective equipment and hand cleanliness practices, personal protective equipment (PPE), preprocedural mouth rinse, single-use (disposable), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and periapical (PA) radiography, Rubber dam, sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation, disinfect inanimate surfaces, ultrasonic scaling instruments and airborne infection isolation. Conclusion: Fever should be used as the first sign in the diagnosis; dentists should measure the fever of all patients at the time of arrival and before any procedure and then ask about other symptoms.

Effects of two types of anorganic bovine bone on bone regeneration: a histological and histomorphometric study of rabbit calvaria.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two types of bone substitutes, Bio-Oss and NuOss, for repair of bone defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed on the calvaria of 14 New Zealand rabbits. The 6mm critical size defect (CSD) models of bone regeneration were used. Three CSDs were created in each surgical site. The first defect was filled with NuOss, the second one with Bio-Oss and the third one remained unfilled as the control. After healing periods of one and two months (seven animal for each time point), histological and histomorphometric analyses were carried out to assess the amount of new bone formation, presence of inflammation, foreign body reaction and type of new bone. Qualitative variables were analyzed by multiple comparisons, Wilcoxon, Friedman and Mann Whitney tests. Quantitative variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. Level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: The level of inflammation was not significantly different at four and eight weeks in the Bio-Oss (P=0.944), NuOss (P=1.000) and control groups (P=0.71). At four weeks, foreign body reaction was not observed in Bio-Oss, NuOss and control groups. There was no significant difference in the type of the newly formed bone at four and eight weeks in any group (P=0.141 for Bio-Oss, P=0.06 for NuOss and P=0.389 for the control group). CONCLUSION: Deproteinized bovine bone mineral can be used as a scaffold in bone defects to induce bone regeneration.